CIMRM 34 - Mithraeum. Dura Europos, Syria.
There is a marvellous site on the Dura excavations at the Yale University Art Gallery here.
CIMRM entry
DURA-EUROPOS 34.
In February 1934 a Mithraeum was discovered on the N.W. side inside the rampart of Dura-Europos (Es-Sâlihiyeh) between gate 24 and 23. After the excavations it was transported to New Haven, Gallery of Fine Arts of Yale University.
Rostovtzeff in RM 49,1934, 180ff; cf. BCR 1934 (Not.) 121f; AJA XXXIX 1935, 4f; 147; 259f and 293ff; Mouterde in MUSJ XIX, 1935, 123f; Dussaud in Syria XVI, 1935, 313ff; Cumont in CRAI 1934, 90ff; Hopkins in ILN 8 Dec. 1934, 963ff; du Mesnil du Buisson in GBA 1935, 1ff; CRAI 1935, 275ff; Watzinger in die Welt als Geschichte II, 1936, 397ff; Rostovtzeff e.o. Report, 62ff; cf. P. Koschaker in OLZ 1941, 271ff; Merlin in JS 1940, 36ff. Professor C. B. Welles informs me of the fact, that a final report is in preparation. We have drawn our description from the preliminary report. See fig. 7.
We are highly indebted to Prof. C. B. Welles and Miss Ann Perkins for sending us photographs of the finds.
General plan and history of the Mithraeum.
Rostovtzeff in RM 1934, 180ff and fig. 1; D-E, Pl. II and fig. 6; CRAI 1934, 91ff; GBA 1935, 6ff and fig. 2; Report, 62ff and figs. 29-35, Pls. I and III, 1, from which our, figs. 8-9.
"When the Mithraeum was founded in about 168 A.D. (see inscr. No. 39) it consisted of three apartments (see plans 8, 9). Room A (L. 4.65 Br. 5.80), the Mithras shrine, was entered by an axial door through a partition separating it from a central chamberB (L. 5.75 Br. 3.50), originally a house diwan, that opened into a courtyard D to the south, and a small chamber C. (L. 3.50 Br. 3.50) to the east".
A was divided into three parts: a paved passage with on either side the benches band c (H. 0.72 Br. 1.70), in which the columns 1 and 2 had been built to support the ceiling, which was approximately 1.65 high over their benches, but about 1.60 higher over the central aisle.
Via the stairs d a rectangular, raised platform a (H. 0.88), in which a round well 9 (diam. 0;32). In front of a stood the main altar with two smaller side-altars, whereas against the backwall two reliefs had been fixed (see infra).
About 210 A.D. (see inscr. No. 53) a first rebuilding took place, because in the general destruction of the quarter the early Mithraeum was also destroyed (see fig. 10). The entire sanctuary was enlarged considerably. "The new alterations consisted of adding an antechamber B to the Mithras shrine by taking out the dividing partition and adding two more columns 3 and 4 on the foundations ofthat wall (L. 10.90); of building a small room E (L. 5.60 Br. 1.65) on the south and a low bench on the north of this new addition (H. 0.40 Br. 1.70); of turning the east chamber C into a vestibule and porch; of constructing an arched niche back of the altar; and of redecorating the entire chamber".
Opposite a rectangular recess (L. 1.25 Br. 0.75) in the new podium, there was a basin 10 in the middle of the paved floor (Diam. 0.32). another basin 11 was situated in the former room C. Underneath the columns 3 and 4 two altars e and t were placed.
Finally in ca 240 A.D. a second reconstruction took place, which resulted in the definitive shape of the sanctuary (see fig. 11). "It is probable that the roof was removed and altered for the construction of the new vaulted spelaeum and the additional columns (5, 6, 7, 8). In the Late Mithraeum, the chamber of the south E was entirely removed and in its place was built a bench, probably low; the low bench on the north side was heightened to the level of the upper benches; two more columns were added to either side, making the chamber more symmetrical; two chambers F (L. 3.25 Br. 6.00) and G (L. 2.50 Br. 6.00) to the north of the building, the earlier history of which is obscure, were joined to the Mithraeum, a narrow passageway being cut through the benches leading to a newly pierced doorway. For the new altar-tabie the aisle between the benches was filled up to the bench level as far as the first pair (I, 2) of colnms and a stair of seven steps was built against the face of this platform. Between the first pair of columns and the wall were built partitions that supported a vault covering the new raised platform" .
When the walls behind the Mithraeum had to be strengthened against the impendency of the Persians under Sapor, the sanctuary got buried under the sand at the capture of the fortification in 256 A.D.
We now proceed to a detailed description of the most important part of the sanctuary; the elevated altar niche (see figs. 12 and 13).
Rostovtzeff in RM 1934, 184ff and Pl. 11; ILN 1934,963; AJA 1935, Pl. IV; GBA 1935, fig. 5; Report, 79 and Pl. II and fig. 36.
Gallery of images from: Yale University Art Gallery.
The following images may be viewed much more conveniently at the Yale University Art Gallery site. These copies are held here only in case it disappears. (Update: as indeed they did; Update: and now they are back!).
