The sermons of three men named Eusebius: Eusebius of Emesa, Eusebius of Alexandria, and Eusebius Gallicanus

In the fifth-to-sixth centuries AD, in Gaul, we find quite a number of Latin sermons under the name of “Eusebius”.  This is not, of course, Eusebius of Caesarea, the historian.  So who are they?

The first Eusebius is Eusebius of Emesa, the fourth century bishop.  He has a great advantage on the other two, which is that he actually existed.  A bunch of his sermons, 29 in all – originally composed in Greek – migrated over to Gaul, where they appear in an ancient Latin translation.  These were edited in the 1950s by Buytaert in two volumes. (I discuss vol. 1 here) The first volume contains a collection of seventeen sermons (CPG 3525) preserved in a twelfth century manuscript from Troyes in France.  For three of these the original Greek is extant, luckily. The second volume contains a further twelve sermons (CPG 3526), originally edited by Sirmond, which Buytaert has numbered as 18-29.  Other homilies are preserved in Greek, in Syriac fragments, and there is also a collection of eight homilies in Armenian.

The second Eusebius is Eusebius of Alexandria, which is the name attached to a collection of 22 homilies (CPG 5510-5531) transmitted to us along with a “Life” of the author by a certain John the Notary (CPG 5533).  The text of the homilies can be found in PG 86: 313-461, and the “Life” in PG 86:297-309. Sadly the “Life” is complete fiction, from which we learn two important things.  Firstly, that John the Notary had no idea of the actual history of the 5th century AD, in which he locates his hero.  And secondly, from an analysis of the style and language, we learn that the sermons were composed by the same author as the “Life”.  Ps.Eusebius of Alexandria is John the Notary.

The homilies of ps.Eusebius of Alexandria were also transmitted to Gaul and translated into Latin.  This we know from a Latin sermon of that period which is basically a combination of two of the sermons of ps.Eusebius of Alexandria, and also from our third Eusebius, some of whose sermons  show knowledge of the ps.Eusebius of Alexandria collection.

The third Eusebius is known today as Eusebius Gallicanus, or “Eusebius the Gaul”.  The name is modern, devised by a 17th century editor, to refer to a collection of seventy-seven Latin homilies (CPL 966, cf. CPG 3543), some of which are prefixed with a statement that they were made by a “Lord Eusebius” and translated from Greek.  Other editions attribute the collection to “ps.-Eusebius Emesenus” – yes, to our first Eusebius, Eusebius of Emesa.  But they are not his.  The Eusebius Gallicanus collection was not composed by anybody, but rather compiled.  It was assembled in the 6th century out of pre-existing materials, probably at Riez, and making use of materials collected at the monastery of Lerins.  Some of the sermons are by Faustus of Riez, and other known figures.

The modern publication history of Eusebius Gallicanus is complex.  It is one of the more significant gaps in Migne’s Patrologia Latina.  The collection was only edited in modern times, by F. Glorie in the Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, volumes 101, 101A, and 101B.

From my diary

Up and into the car and I was on the road before 07:30.  I arrived at the research library that I use before 09:00, and had to wait for a few moments in a little queue of cars to be let into the car park.  A fresh new readers’ pass, lasting only one week, awaited me in reception. In fact I had goofed.  The regulations only allow you a free one-week pass once a year, and I had forgotten this.   Next time I will purchase a one-month pass!

The IT there is terrible – the library seems to have been cheated badly by its supplier – but it did not seem to have changed since last time. So I was able to work with a minimum of pain, to my surprise and delight.  I had the Microsoft Authenticator app on my phone, I knew the right userid and password.  Indeed I was even able to log into the terminal (“kiosk”!) which is reserved purely for adding money to your card, in order to use the photocopiers.  Even better, I found that I had left quite a bit of money on the account last time, so I refrained from adding more.  I knew from past experience that money on university library accounts which are used only infrequently can vanish!

I went in search of the book that I needed.  To my surprise, the two main staircases have been renamed “alpha” and “beta”, although I know not why.  Despite the name change, the lift that I needed to use was not working.  But it was only a single flight of stairs to my floor, and I found the volume that I wanted easily enough. The smell of the cleaning fluid, and dust, brought back memories of thirty years ago, when I was just starting out on the voyage that produced this blog.  Here at least time has not corroded.

I found a photocopier which was working, with no queue, and I was able to photocopy the whole book – only 80 pages – in peace, checking each page afterwards in case I had inadvertently cropped the text.  Longer ago there was a dedicated a photocopier room, with at least five photocopiers.  But since then, someone has decided that it would be better to abolish this, and to distribute the copiers in obscure places around the corridors.  Arriving early has its advantages here too.  I would imagine that the copiers are mainly used by visitors, as students can just borrow the books and scan them in their rooms.

I had not had breakfast, so I made a visit to the library tea-room. This was a little odd, although much the same as before.  There were only snacks, unfortunately, but I made do.  For some reason large new portraits of unknown women (and a few African men) had been mounted Soviet-style on the walls.  There was also a great number of posters, each instructing customers how to throw away their paper plates, used cans, and a great list of other possibilities, in specified containers.  The text was detailed and prescriptive, and too small for eyes like mine to read.  The whole effect was somewhat East German.

Then out, into a slight rain.  The time was only about 10:30, but the car park was already full to brimming, as I had known that it might be.  A car cruising around hopelessly, searching for a space, was glad to take my space.   The lack of parking is hard on visitors who are not local.

Rather than return the way that I came, out of curiosity, I cut through the town to return.  It is probably ten years or more since I did so.  At one time I worked there, and even went to church there sometimes, so some of the roads are familiar.  The areas I passed through looked as if they had been ravaged by local government maladministration.  The roads had been left unrepaired for a decade or more.  At one major junction the whole road surface had buckled up, and I saw cars picking their way cautiously through it.  On the road sides the weeds now grew so freely everywhere that at one point I wondered if I was on the right road.

I came to one major junction, once very familiar, where memory recorded a garage – always slightly incongruously situated – but instead I found a characterless block of flats.  Indeed I saw a whole district of blocks of new flats, little windows in flat exteriors.  The effect was again very Soviet.  Surely if such things are needed, they could be built in local stone and in keeping with the heritage of the town?

Change is inevitable, but I think that the whole place could do with a bit more change in a positive direction.

Fortunately I was home by lunchtime, and a MacDonald’s with medium fries banished any gloom.  The photocopies have passed through the scanner, and a PDF resulting has just gone through Abbyy Finereader.  In this area at least there is improvement!

Photographs and Videos of the submerged ruined Roman fort at Walton Castle

A few years ago I wrote a number of posts about the ruins of the Roman fort at Felixstowe in Suffolk.  The fort is known as Walton Castle.  It stood on the cliff-top until the 1740s when it slid into the sea.  The remains are visible at low water, about 50 metres offshore. A diving expedition in the 1960s led by Jeff Errington surveyed them.  I did attempt to locate a copy of the diving expedition report, supposed to be held by Ipswich Museum Service, deposited with the Suffolk Record Office, and therefore in the archives at their new building, “the Hold”; but my efforts proved fruitless, despite contacting Jeff Errington himself, who was still running a diving business in 2020.  The whereabouts of the “Errington Report” remain unknown, to me at least.

A few weeks ago I received an interesting email from a lady named Jackie Hole.  She and her husband run an ice-cream kiosk at “The Dip”, directly opposite the place where the ruins are visible.  The Dip is the local name for the place where a stream runs down to the sea.  The fort stood on the southern side of the Dip, and a Roman cemetery was on the north side.

Over the past few weeks, we’ve been filming the remains at low tide from Old Felixstowe (we’re based at The Dip), and have managed to capture some reasonably clear drone footage during very low tide windows.

What’s interesting is that when the light and tide line up, parts of the structure become just visible enough to suggest outlines, although still quite difficult to interpret from the shore….

It feels like one of those moments where the site is briefly more legible than usual.

and…

… here are the easy access links to public posts – we’ve started proper documentation for the museum with tide heights, times, drone height and the same (ish) path every time we go out so we’re trying to do our bit with regards to modern record keeping!

https://www.facebook.com/reel/1282413653753367 – the original video – this started the whole thing as it just seemed super low
https://www.facebook.com/reel/1294183855949571 – not such a low tide but really interesting sand patterns on a calm water day
https://www.facebook.com/reel/1641026057347315 – something arty

There also is a video of kayaking out to the ruins, on YouTube here.

These are extremely interesting.  It’s worth remembering that these “rocks” are about eighth feet tall, as is evident from some of the photographs from the 60s.

Here is a still:

Walton Castle ruins, 18 April 2026

And an aerial photo:

Aerial view of Walton Castle Ruins March 20 2026

The small patch of ruins to the right is invisible at ground level.  This was an unusually low tide, on March 20, 2026, between 06:00-07:30: Felixstowe Pier low = 08:27 at 0.56m.

It’s wonderful to see an interest being taken in this neglected monument!