Manuscript stolen in Spain

The 12th codex Calixtinus, an illuminated guide for pilgrims going to the shrine of Compostela in Spain, has been stolen from the cathedral library. Reports suggest that it was a professional job.  More at eChurch blog.  It sounds as if it was stolen to order and is perhaps now in some private collection.  If so, it will reappear.

More important is the question of whether the library had photographed it or not.  If a set of colour digital photographs exist — and ought to be online — then the loss is less worrying.

Bet they haven’t tho.

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From my diary, Michael Bourdeaux, East German anti-Christian policy in 1973, and a Swedish Syriac seminary

I have a pile of academic books which I have concluded that I no longer need.  I’ve been fretting about how to post these to a colleague overseas.  But I find that he is at the Warburg Institute in London this month.  So I have spent this evening trying to work out where that is, how I would get there, whether I could park, and so forth.  I’d have to pay the dreaded “congestion charge” tax for the first ever time, as well as my first experience of London traffic.  But it looks a possible for Saturday, if my colleague can give me some directions on what to do when I get there!

I mentioned yesterday that I had an email from Michael Bourdeaux, the founder of Keston College and the man mainly responsible for reporting the persecution of Christians in the old USSR.  I have offered to turn one or two of the old Keston books in English into PDF’s to appear online.  These days the work of Keston is mainly carried out by Russians in their own language.

Keston used to produce a regular journal, Religion in Communist Lands.  Amazingly this is online here.  I have only scratched the surface, but this from Hilary Black, The Church in East Germany, RICL vol. 1.4-5 (1973), p.4-8.

The East German government has always preferred obtaining the support and cooperation of ·the churches to persecution, but the problems of leading a truly Christian life in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) are none the less real for being undramatic.

In its early years, the East German government was not sufficiently confident of its control over the population to force the churches to commit themselves to the socialist state, but now that the leadership feels itself firmly established, it is applying increasing pressure.

The churches have to a certain extent acquiesced, in order to avoid an all-out attack on their existence. …

In 1971 the government backed up such exhortations with an unpublished administrative regulation which obliged the churches to seek official permission for any activities outside the regular services. Discussion groups and confirmation classes were the particular objects of state attack, and many’ of the clergy are still resisting the injunction, despite the heavy fines which they incur.

It is hard to resist a campaign against you when you don’t understand what is happening.  These sorts of narratives will ring a bell in many of us.

Meanwhile I have been corresponding with Father Mikael Lijestrom in Sweden.  He tells me that a new Syriac seminary has opened  there.  There are more Iraqis, he says, in the small town of Södertälje than in the whole of the USA.

I teach at a small but promising pan-orthodox seminary in Stockholm and Södertälje, the Sankt Ignatios Ortodoxa Theologiska seminarium (Saint Ignatius Orthodox Theological Seminary, website at http://www.sanktignatios.org/ all in Swedish) where students from both the Chalcedonian orthodox tradition and the Non-chalcedonians (mainly syriac and coptic  Christians) study theology, Greek, Syriac, some Coptic and  Arabic, patristics, church history,  music, liturgy and a lot more.

The unique thing here is that the Greek and Syriac is on equal footing: they learn both basic Greek and basic Syriac and apply their knowledge on the texts that are used in the other subjects.

This seminary course is intended for everybody who wants to know and partake in the orthodox eastern tradition, and not only to train priests.  Most Syrian orthodox speak Arabic (and Turkish) as well. I hope that many of them will take the challenge  to bring forward the heritage of their forefathers! We have a few persons who work with oriental christian literature at the University of Uppsala too.

The seminary is new and  small and  we are still working to become known and to find suitable localities. We have just finished our first year, and have 9 very qualified  students for the coming year. The Syrian Orthodox Church have teachers —malfone — in their parishes who teach classical syriac for internal ecclesiastical and cultural use, and that is fine and they are supported by the study unions. At the seminary, on the other hand, the Syrian Orthodox and the Byzantine Orthodox together learn Greek for the first semester and Syriac for the second, together with some Coptic and a starter course in Arabic. The Christians from the Middle East generally speak Arabic and read modern Arabic, so for them the study of older texts is easier than for most others.

The aim with this basic course in orthodox Christian tradition is to give the seminarists a good basic knowledge of what orthodox Christianity is, what the Church Fathers generally teach and insights into the different traditions. Thus they will be able to work as journalists,  and in social welfare , as Sunday School teachers etc. Ideally all orthodox people should take this course after high school, when previously everyone did one year of military service. So the slogan is: “One Year for the Church!”

I’m sure that we all wish them the very best with this initiative, which can only do good.

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From my diary

Another 120 pages of the book through the scanner, hum, turn, hum, turn.  I shall be doing a fair bit of this during my evenings, I think.

Meanwhile I did indeed get a reply to my enquiry to Keston College about the works of Michael Bourdeaux.  Then I got an email from Dr Bourdeaux himself, in the kindest terms, and full of information of interest to us all.  I’ll reply to it tomorrow when my brain is working a bit better!

This led me to look and see which of his books I actually had on my shelves.  “Faith in Russia” turned out to be present twice, in different editions, bought second-hand in both cases. 

My heart sank when I saw it was published by Hodder and Stoughton, but I cheered up again when I discovered that he had retained the copyright.  Never sell your copyright, chaps.  The publisher doesn’t need it — they get “publishers copyright” for 25 years anyway — and it just means that the purchaser, who will only pay pennies for it, will be able to keep your book out of print for the next century.

I thought that I had others also, but I can’t find them.  I’m more or less sure that I read some kind of biography about him, but I can’t find that either.  A book that he wrote on Gorbachev and glasnost and how it would affect the church is here somewhere, because I remember it was a funny size.  Can’t find it, tho!  Maybe I need to implement a system to my shelves. 

Bourdeaux’ books, indeed, do not appear on second-hand book site www.abebooks.co.uk, or not in any numbers, which suggests that those who have them are keeping them. 

Onwards.

Ever wanted to know about ancient map-making in the Greek and Roman world?  Well, now you can.  Harley and Woodward’s Cartography in prehistoric, ancient and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean is online in chapter-sized PDF’s here.  It’s a two volume collection of papers, in truth.  But it contains much interesting information for those of us who are not cartographically inclined, and have never read the ancient gromatic writers.  Indeed do any of the latter even exist in English, I wonder?

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From my diary

I wrote to Keston College this evening, to ask why none of the books and articles in which  Michael Bordeaux promoted knowledge of the persecution of Christians in the old USSR are online.  This stuff is fading into history.  I came across one poster who simply denied that the Soviets ever locked up believers in mental hospitals this evening.  The martyrs deserve better than oblivion.

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Can this be true?

A report at Reuters, which somehow has not reached the BBC as far as I can tell.

World temperatures did not rise from 1998 to 2008, while manmade emissions of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuel grew by nearly a third, various data show.

The researchers from Boston and Harvard Universities and Finland’s University of Turku said pollution, and specifically sulphur emissions, from coal-fueled growth in Asia was responsible for the cooling effect.

Is  this right?  That in the last ten years there was no global warming? 

Yet here in the UK we have had night after night of “news” reports, running as if they were news, telling us in alarming terms that the world was doomed, showing pictures of melting ice-floes (in summer!) It subsided quite a bit after the scandal of forged data at the University of East Anglia.  The guilty men were found innocent by their peers — funny that — but the mud stuck.  There was no getting around the fact that they concealed the data, and that it took a hacker to reveal that they did so intentionally and in words capable of the worst interpretation.  But the idea of warming still lingers.

Now I don’t have a view on the technical issues.  And doubtless readers of this blog have various views on the political platforms that depend on pro- and anti-global warming stuff.  This is not a blog about climate change or global warming, and I don’t propose to address that.

What concerns me is the information access issue.  The real issue for me here, if the report is true, is the honesty issue, the poisoning of the public with a lie whose consequences — lightbulbs, ‘green’ taxes — affect everyone directly.  Whatever our opinions, we all need accurate data, honestly reported. 

But if this report is true — and I have no means of knowing — then we have all been subjected to a deliberate campaign of lies and evasions that would make Goebbels gasp with admiration. 

For how could people NOT know that the world was not getting warmer?  I wouldn’t know; but there are people whose job it is to know.  The money exacted from me in taxes goes to pay their salaries.

This is deeply troubling on so many levels.  We rely on a more or less free system of mass communication.  To watch it be corrupted in this way raises the obvious question: what else are we not being told?  What else is being distorted.

If the answer is “a lot”, then what do we do?  We don’t want to become the sort of lunatic obsessed with conspiracies.

Perhaps the answer is to read widely.  Watch Russia Today.  Watch al-Jazeera.  And so on?

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From my diary

The final version of the leaflet for the Eusebius Gospel Problems and Solutions book has arrived.  I’ll check it at the weekend.

A purchase of a CDROM from my site has involved me in a dispute.  The owner of the credit card has claimed that the purchase is not his.  I have already posted the CDROM, so this is less than welcome news.  But I find it hard to believe that credit card fraud is used for the purpose of buying collections of the Fathers of the Church.  Most likely the purchaser did not recognise the debit on his card, or changed his mind.  I have emailed him — a certain John Ford, at a PO box in Australia — and it will be interesting to see what he says.

This evening I have been sitting on the scanner, creating a PDF of an old and hard-to-find library book.  Sadly after almost 200 pages a cramp developed in my hip which I know from past experience will render me unable to walk or work for a few days if I ignore it.  So I must stop!  Ah the joys of middle age.

While lifting the book and turning the pages, I came across an interesting quotation online, attributed to St. Augustine:

If you believe what you like in the gospels, and reject what you don’t like, it is not the gospel you believe, but yourself.

Google books reveals no quotations of this before the last ten years, and it is used almost exclusively in popular Christian paperbacks.  It is, of course, a very apt and accurate saying.  But … did Augustine say it?

I developed an idea that it sounded like something he might indeed have said, in the context of his disputation with Faustus the Manichaean.  Faustus, we all recall, claimed to be a Christian and to believe in the gospel.  Augustine points out that he uses the gospels selectively, claiming the authority of God for this, while denying the inspiration of that.  Of course all the heretics do this; but somehow it felt right. 

So I spent some time going through the online translation searching for “gospel”.  I got to book 30 of the work against Faustus before I had to stop scanning.  It certainly reflects the sort of things Augustine is saying.  But I did not find any very close match.

Perhaps it is merely a summary of what Augustine says, from some secondary source, which has become attached to Augustine himself?

A burning hot day in the office today, and hot this evening (although not hot enough to hook up the air-conditioning).  It greyed over this evening, and started to drizzle.  So far the only effect is to add humidity to heat. 

The pile of now useless (to me) academic books on the side, which has stared at me reproachfully for some time now, might finally be disposed of.  It turns out that the scholar to whom I intended to give them — who will find them useful, where I will not — is on a temporary posting to the United Kingdom.  The incredible postal charges become moot; I can probably drive down and hand them to him.  Let us hope so.

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Databases of Greek mss

From this source, on NT textual criticism, itself well worth reading, I learn of two databases which are worth a look.

The Pinakes database (http://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr/) aims to bring together catalogue entries for all manuscripts of Greek texts predating the sixteenth century, supplementing the

Leuven Database of Ancient Books (LDAB, http://www.trismegistos.org/ldab/).

The latter gave some interesting results.  Who would have imagined that we have a 4th century fragment of the Church History of Eusebius?

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From my diary

Isn’t it odd that a difficult day at work tends to leave you too exhausted for anything else?  I’ve known husbands to make the same complaint of a row with their wives.  All these interruptions to what we think of as our “real” life!

I went to the library at lunchtime and picked up vol. 1 of the 2nd edition of Brockelmann’s Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, 1943.  It’s a remarkably old-fashioned looking volume in terms of binding and typeface.  But considering that the Netherlands were under Nazi occupation at the time, and that industrial sites on the continent were being bombed by the RAF, I suppose it is a marvel that Brill were able to produce it at all.  No time to look at it this evening.

Rather more to my taste just now was a large paperback book of literary anecdotes.  It’s ideal to skim through, looking for oddities, although the editors have allowed a little too much latitude in length from time to time.

Over the weekend I was also reading volume 3 of the collected letters of C. S. Lewis.  The charm of Lewis’ letters is considerable, and I am glad to own it.  But these monster volumes are quite hard to digest (and indeed even to hold!).  Instead of three volumes each three inches thick, the publishers should have split each volume into three.  Probably they had commercial reasons for their choice; but the smaller volumes would be much easier to handle!

I had to put the Lewis volume aside, tho.  It was slightly depressing to enter into of a man who grew old early — he says so himself — but, at my age, had achieved so much and was so well known to so many.  But … would we wish to be famous?  To be courted by the media, to earn large sums, to receive letters from lunatics and attempts to inveigle into marriage from cunning (and not so cunning) women?  Obviously not.

Unless the women are blonde, of course.  And the money is in hard currency.

Letters from lunatics, sadly, are the lot of every blogger.  Most of mine are friendly, fortunately.  And I keep a big, fierce dog.

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Mithras in Commagene — the hierothesion at Nemrud Dag

Turkey is a land of many interesting archaeological sites, and I would very much like to go there some day!  One of them is a curiosity — a site in the minor Hellenistic kingdom of Commagene, at a place today known as Nemrud Dag in South-Eastern Turkey, adjoining Syria.  There is a website for an International Nemrud Foundation, which, if you can get past the awful intro, gives a lot of useful information.

The kingdom was a mixture of Hellenistic and Persian in influence.  The kings took names like Mithradates and Antiochus and were related to both the Seleucids and the old Persian Achaemenid dynasty. 

The site at Nemrud Dag consists of a large tumulus, with three terraces below it on which are a number of statues and inscriptions.  The inscriptions are online, in image form, with translations, here.  Apparently they all appear on the west terrace. 

Therefore, as you see, I have set up these divine images of Zeus-Oromasdes and of Apollo-Mithras-Helios-Hermes and of Artagnes-Herakles-Ares, and also of my all-nourishing homeland Kommagene; and from one and the same quarry, throned likewise among the deities who hear our prayers, I have consecrated the features of my own form, and have caused the ancient honour of great deities to become the coeval of a new Tyche. Since I thereby, in an upright way, imitated the example of the divine Providence, which as a benevolent helper has so often been seen standing by my side in the struggles of my reign.

Adequate property in land and an inalienable income therefrom have I set aside for the ample provision of sacrifices; an unceasing cult and chosen priests arrayed in such vestments as are proper to the race of the Persians have I inaugurated, and I have dedicated the whole array and cult in a manner worthy of my fortune and the majesty of the gods.

The deities are syncretistic.  In each case a Persian deity is associated with Greek deities.  Thus we have one statue identifying Zeus with Ormazd (reasonably enough), and another associating the minor Zoroastrian figure Artagnes with the hero Heracles and the god Ares. 

But the other item is interesting in a wider sense: a deity “Apollo-Mithras-Helios-Hermes”.  By analogy with the other gods, one of these gods must be an oriental, a Zoroastrian Persian deity.  Obviously Mithras is the one, as the others are all mainstream classical Greek gods. 

But this is a site built by a semi-Persian king, for the purposes of syncretism.  This must mean, therefore, that “Mithras” here means the oriental deity Mitra, known to Zoroastrianism. 

Some have tried to use this site as evidence that Roman Mithras was around during the first century BC.  But there is nothing here suggestive of Mithras of the legions.  There is no Mithraeum, no bull sacrifice, nothing.  There is an association with Helios, the sun, just as Mithras is associated with Sol.  But such an association by itself is not a fingerprint for Sol Mithras, as many deities were associated with the sun, and Mitra himself replaced the Zoroastrian sun god.

I think we must consider Nemrud Dag as a syncretistic site with no connection to Mithras.

There is discussion of the site at the Encyclopedia Iranica site here

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Aphrahat in English

I can’t find the post, but a month or two back I decided that I really ought to try to get hold of the complete English translation of the classic Syriac author Aphrahat.  He wrote 26 sermons, and a selection was included in the Ante-Nicene Fathers series so is online.  But few people even know there is a complete translation, made in Kottayam in India a few years ago and available in two volumes from the St Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute at $25 a vol.

At least, in theory it is available.  In practice SEERI are quite hard to deal with.  I wrote and asked, and got a reply asking for my postal address and how I proposed to pay.  I offered to pay using Xoom.com, and heard nothing more.  I was thinking yesterday what to do.  Gorgias Press do a version of the book, at some very high price.

But down at the post office this morning, and the parcel is not the humdrum item that I was expecting, but a parcel from SEERI.  Yep — it’s the Aphrahat!  The packing is not great, and rather torn, but the item has arrived fine!

Opening it was harder than it looks.  But once open, there were the two volumes!

A catalogue search reveals that not a single library in the UK possesses a copy of these.

On opening them, I find that vol. 1 contains a lot of introductory matter, obviously from a thesis, and a preface by Sebastian Brock.  This is solid stuff, in other words.  Now if only it was online!

But now I have to work out how to pay them.  Western Digital is possible; Xoom is possible; but in both cases I need information from SEERI to give them.  I look up their address in Google Maps and they are in the heart of the city of Kottayam.  It is a bit sad, tho, that it is so much work to give them money.  Let’s see what happens!

PS: An email from the library tells me that Brockelmann 2nd ed. vol. 1 has arrived.  Not that I can do much about that until Monday, but good to know.

Now I need to do something with the proposed design leaflet for the Patristics Conference, advertising the Eusebius book.  The final revision awaits!  I’ve already paid for the insert yesterday.  All costly in time and money, N.B.

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