Thinking about Jerome’s “Commentarioli in Psalmos”

A look at the PDF of the Morin edition of this work by Jerome reveals 100 pages.  The comments are all fairly short.

I’ve been looking to see what translations exist.  An edition exists in the Corpus Christianorum from Brepols (CCSL 72, 100 euros), but since the editor given is Morin I suspect this is really a reprint.  A German translation does exist here, from 2005, which advertises itself as the first into a modern language.

Is there an English version?  Would one be interesting?

I’ve worked out that a page might be about 180 words, and the whole work perhaps 18,000, across 100 short pages.  The Latin is easy enough.  Perhaps I should commission a translation.

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A passage in Jerome on Revelation

A correspondent asked me for a translation of this:

Legimus in Apocalypsi Johannis (quod in istis provinciis non recipitur liber, tamen scire debemus quoniam in occidente omni, et in aliis Faenicis provinciis, et in AEgypto recipitur liber, et ecclesiasticus est: nam et veteres ecclesiastici viri, e quibus est Irenaeus, et Polycarpus, et Dionysius, et alii Romani interpretes, de quibus est et Cyprianus sanctus, recipiunt librum et interpretantur) legimus ergo ibi: eqs.

Which I rendered hastily as:

We read in the Apocalypse of John (which in those provinces is a book not received [as canonical], however we ought to understand that in all the west, and in the other Phoenician provinces, and in Egypt the book is received, and is a book of the church; for also ancient men of the church, among whom Irenaeus and Polycarp and Dionysius [of Alexandria] and other Roman expounders, also including St. Cyprian, receive the book and expound it) we read therefore there: …

Errors?  And … what is “Faenici”?

UPDATE:  Andrew Eastbourne writes:

That text of Jerome is in his (possibly inauthentic) “Tractatus” on Ps. 1, edited by Morin in the Anecdota Maredsolana vol. 3.2 (online at http://books.google.com/books?id=Qh0NAAAAIAAJ — easiest to find if you search in that volume for “legimus in Apocalypsi”) — oh, and Faenicis *is* simply “normal” medieval confusion of spelling for Phoenicis.  (ae / oe / e variation is very frequent in mss.)

I’ve also changed the translation as suggested in the comments!  The quote seems to be on p.5 of the text: just searching for “legimus in Apocalypsi” gives p.314 which is another quote.  The book is inaccessible outside the US, tho.  The reference is: 

Jerome, Commentarioli in Psalmos / Hieronymi, qui deperditi hactenus putabantur ; edidit, commentario critico instruxit, prolegomena et indices adjecit Germanus Morin. 1895, p. 5.

The faenicis has a note in Morin’s apparatus, “Faenicis] paenicis C 1 m: phaenicis A: phoenicis uC 2 m.”  The meaning of these glyphs is not apparent at first glance.

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Latin texts that ought to exist in English

I’ve been looking through volume four of Quasten’s Patrology, trying to find anything that I think really should exist in English.  I didn’t do very well.  Part of the problem is that volume 4 was not written by Quasten, and is quite inferior in a number of ways. 

Quasten always made sure you knew why you might be interested in an author, or in a text.  He would quote bits, or indicate their importance.  The Italians translated for volume 4 merely tend to refer to scholarly discussions.

The only items that caught my eye were a few short poems, such as the Carmen adversus paganos, which is one of only four texts to mention the taurobolium; or the Carmen ad senatorem quendam, which addresses a senator who had apostasised, gone over to the cult of the Magna Mater, and become a priest of Isis.

There must be quite a number of Latin historical texts that are of interest, of the kind that appear in Mommsen’s Chronica Minora and the like.

The only other item that I could think of was the fragments of Porphyry’s Against the Christians.  Quite a number of these are from works by Jerome.  I have a version of the fragments online, which isn’t very satisfactory, and omits a whole lot of these.  Perhaps this would be a good thing to attack.

As ever, I am open to suggestions.

I’m back to work today, after two weeks off with some kind of strain or sprain or whatever in my hip.  I was very glad that I cancelled my Syria trip. If 45 minutes in the car was enough to make me hurt, imagine what five hours in cramped discomfort in a plane would have done!

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Leontius of Byzantium, “Adversus fraudes Apollinistarum”

If you browse idly through Quasten’s Patrology volume 3, a little here and a little there — if you do this idly but often, you will acquire quite a fund of knowledge about the later Greek fathers, their lives, their quarrels, and their works; and about what editions and translations are commonly relied on for all these.

A couple of hours ago I found myself reading the entry on Apollinaris of Laodicea.  This learned man wrote a great many commentaries on Scripture.  More, he stood up to the Emperor Julian the Apostate.  The emperor passed a decree in 361 AD banning Christians from teaching the classics — effectively from teaching.  This was the first but by no means the last attempt to make sure Christians were uneducated in order to jeer at them for being uneducated.  A similar approach has been used by modern atheistic regimes, and demanded by modern atheists in democracies.  Apollinaris responded by recasting the bible in the forms of Greek dialogues and so on, to ensure that Christians could continue to acquire knowledge.  The early death of Julian after a reign of 18 months rendered the effort unnecessary.

Apollinaris was later condemned as a heretic for some christological mistakes.  His works were banned.  But they continued to circulate under other names, and some have reached us.

A 6th century writer, Leontius of Byzantium, composed a work Adversus fraudes Apollinistarum.  This was designed to show that various works in circulation were not by people like Gregory Thaumaturgus, but in reality by banned Apollinarist authors.  Censorship of opinion had its natural consequence, that opinions circulated anonymously; and hate built on this the usual accusation of fraud.  It is hateful to ban a man from speaking his mind and then call him a forger when you force him to put his opinions forward under some form of camouflage.  In our politically correct days, we have lived to see the reappearance of this Byzantine tradition.

The work itself sounds more interesting than it is.  It appears in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, 86b, cols. 1947-1976.  It’s 15 columns of Greek (ignoring the parallel Latin translation), and would therefore cost $300 to translate.  I can find no evidence of a modern translation.

The work consists of a brief introductory paragraph, then the main body which consists entirely of excerpts from Apollinarists, each named and referenced; and then a final couple of paragraphs (1973C ff.) on the Apollinarist errors.

OF THE SAME LEONTIUS, AGAINST THOSE WHO BRING US MATERIAL BY APOLLINARIS, FALSELY INSCRIBED WITH THE NAME OF HOLY FATHERS.

Some from the heresy of Apollinaris or Eutyches or Dioscorus, when they wanted to advance their heresy, inscribed some works of Apollinaris as by Gregory Thaumaturgus, or Athanasius, or Julius,  in order to deceive the more naive.  And so they did.  For by the authority of these people who deserved trust they were able to take in  many people in the Catholic Church.  And you can obtain from many true believers the book of Apollinaris with the title h( kata meros pistis, … ascribed to Gregory; and some of his letters have been ascribed to Julius, and others of his orations or expositions on the incarnation have been ascribed to Athanasius.  Likewise ascribed is the expostion  agreeing with the exposition of the 318; not only this but others also.  However this will be made evident to you, and to anyone studious of the truth, from these things which we haveextracted from Apollinaris himself, or his disciples, one of whom is Valentinus.

Valentinus: a chapter of an Apollinarist Apology

“Against those who say that we say that the flesh is consubstantial with God”.

Master Apollinaris, from his letter to Serapion.

 Receive this letter, of your charity, sir, …

And so on it goes.  I can see why it has never received translation; but surely, all these works ought to be more accessible?

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Stopped by a PC

The Dell I mentioned a week ago turned out to be a turkey.  It was a Dell Studio 15, but it vibrated so strongly that my desk shook, and also had a headache-inducing mid-tone howl.  It’s going back, naturally.  Today I went out and got whatever was for sale in local shops, which turned out to be a Sony Vaio.  The Sony actually seems very nice.

Both it and my old Vista machine are now chained together, moving 250Gb of data across.  After that, I need to install lots of software — probably on Monday,  I would guess, as I don’t use a PC on Sundays.  Meanwhile I’ve found an even older laptop on which I am typing this. 

I apologise if any correspondence goes unanswered until I am back up and running properly.

The Vista machine (a Dell Inspiron 1720) started having problems.  Worse yet, I was out of disk space for all the PDF’s of books that I need and want.  The new machine has twice the disk space. It also has an “eSata” port — apparently that will allow an external hard disk to run at a reasonable speed —  USB hard disks are hopelessly slow.  If so, I can put my PDF collection on such a drive, and not need quite so much on the local hard disk.

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Good Friday: evil triumphant

We’re all basically nice people, aren’t we?  Few of us are powerful, or important.  We endure the edicts of the latter patiently.  We help each other out as we can.  Always we remember that what you hand out is what you may get back.

The struggles of John Chrysostom with his rivals in Constantinople in 400 AD strike us as petty.  Personalities seem to be all, and Christian teaching nowhere.  It’s very easy for us to look down on those involved, to sigh and wonder why people at that time were so selfish and greedy and vicious.

The answer is sin — which affects all of us. But most of us don’t have enough power to inflict harm on others, and indeed no wish to do so.  It can be hard to imagine that others do.

We must always remember that there are people who will do whatever they can get away with.  All criminality is based on this — and in a different way, much entrepreneurial activity! — and most people in politics do the same.  We tend to think that no-one would behave like that.  When we see it, we deplore it.  Atheists often fling at us the misdeeds of the inquisition, or of powerful bishops persecuting heretics in antiquity, or methodists in 18th century England, and we feel embarassed because we just wouldn’t do these things.

Yesterday I saw an article at Anglican Mainstream, (more details at Virtue Online, notes here, here).  All the reporting is unfortunately rather amateurish, so I have put together selected extracts, but the facts do not seem to be in dispute. 

The saga began several years ago when the thriving congregation at the Good Shepherd decided to withdraw from the Episcopal Church because they no longer felt that those in control of the denomination shared the values for which it was founded and which they believed in.  They aligned themselves instead with other churches that have felt the same as the Anglican Church in North America.

The church building was built by local people who paid for its upkeep, so the congregation considered that it belonged to them.  The TEC officials then sued for possession, spending large sums on court fees.  Several writers say that the basis of the case for expelling the congregation was that the church officials “claimed that those leaving were not able to uphold the desires of the church founders”.  They won, and were able to seize the funds, property and fabric of the church.

That was January 2008.  The priest and his young family were immediately evicted from the rectory, in the depths of winter.  The soup kitchen was closed, and TEC officials removed signs indicating where a new one was. 

The church itself stood padlocked and empty for more than a year.  The congregation gathered at a redundant Catholic church nearby and doubled in size.

The church building was then put up for sale by the TEC diocese.  The assessed value of the property was $384,400.  The congregation offered to buy it for about $150,000, but were turned down.

On February 9, 2010, the premises were sold to Imam Muhammad Affify, doing business as the Islamic Awareness Center, for $50,000, a third of the offer from the congregation.  The sale has a condition that the Moslems may not resell the property to the congregation. 

It seems hardly necessary to comment much on this atrocious episode.  To take by legal violence that for which you did not pay, not because you want or need it, but purely to inflict harm on others…? 

So it was on Good Friday.

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Some remarks about John Chrysostom’s homilies against the Jews

A. L. Williams useful book Adversus Judaeos was composed in 1935, well before modern political correctness or post-WW2 guilt.  It is written to be of use to Christians considering missionary work among the Jews, and to advise them of older apologetic, which he suggests is mostly useless today. 

Nearly a hundred writers are summarised, and the book is still of great value.  Williams states plainly enough that his collection of writers cannot be comprehensive, since it omits works in manuscript only, and to which he had no access.  But it has never been superseded.

When we read modern opinions about Chrysostom’s sermons against the Jews, we are always uncomfortably aware that those writing may not feel able to sound “anti-semitic”.  Works held dear but which violate political correctness are liable to be misdescribed; works hated may get the same misdescription in the opposite direction.

Williams’ comments are therefore refreshingly interesting.  As a man with no interest in the politics of our day, what does he think Chrysostom was doing and meant? —

Chrysostom’s Homilies against the Jews are glorious reading for those who love eloquence, and zeal untempered by knowledge. The Golden-mouthed knew little of Judaism, but he was shocked that his Christian people were frequenting Jewish synagogues [2], were attracted to the synagogal Fasts and Feasts, sometimes by the claims to superior sanctity made by the followers of the earlier religion, so that an oath taken in a synagogue was more binding than in a church,  and and sometimes by the offer of charms and amulets in which Jews of the lower class dealt freely. We cannot blame Chrysostom therefore for doing his utmost to prevent apostasy, partial or complete, and we cannot but praise him for the straightness of his speech, and his passionate desire that every one of his hearers should not only refrain from religious intercourse with Jews, but also do his utmost to keep his brethren in the same Christian path.[4] Sometimes also there are direct appeals to Jews  to turn to the true faith.

But that is all that can be said. Chrysostom’s sermons were intended almost entirely for his Christian listeners, and only exceptionally for Jews. How could it be otherwise? We gather from these Homilies that the Jews were a great social, and even a great religious, power in Antioch, but that Chrysostom himself had had no direct intercourse with them worth mentioning, and knew nothing of their real reasons for refusing to become Christians. Far more serious still than his ignorance is his lack of a real evangelistic spirit in his relation to them. There is no sign that he felt the slightest sympathy with them, much less a burning love for the people of whom His Saviour came in the flesh, or, indeed, that he regarded them in any other way than as having been rightly and permanently punished for their treatment of Christ, and as still being emissaries of Satan in their temptation of Christians. But that is not the way to present Christ to the Jews, or even to speak of them when preaching to Christians [2].

The notes are also interesting:

2. The tendency of professing Christians to frequent synagogues is not peculiar to Chrysostom’s time and place. M. Isidore Loeb in his illuminating essay on La Controverse religieuse entre les Juifs au moyen age en France et en Espagne tells us that in the Middle Ages the semi-Christianised peoples found it difficult to distinguish between Judaism and Christianity, or, at least, to see where one left off and the other began. They knew that Christianity had its roots in Judaism, and that the weekly day of rest, Easter, and Pentecost, were taken from the Jews, and the mother religion had fascination for them. At Lyon they used to go to the synagogue, pretending that the sermons were better than those of the Christian priests. In 1290 in Provence and the neighbouring countries Christians made offerings in the synagogue, and paid solemn respect to the roll of the Law (Revue de l’histoire des religions, 1888, xvii. 324 sq.).

4. This is the key-note of each of the Homilies.

2. Chrysostom’s hatred of the Jews is not confined to these eight Homilies, as may be seen from the countless references to them scattered throughout his works, covering more than seven columns in Montfaucon’s Index.

This is plain speaking.  Williams has no hesitation in describing “Chrysostom’s hatred of the Jews”, nor in describing the sermons as “glorious reading for those who love eloquence”, feeling no need for apology.  But his judgement is “Chrysostom’s sermons were intended almost entirely for his Christian listeners, and only exceptionally for Jews.”

We may, I think, agree with him safely on this, then.  As with so much else in the later Roman Empire, Christianity had become a badge of a community, rather than the means of salvation.  Chrysostom was merely defending the “turf” of the group who had elected him their bishop.

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Never had this problem with clay tablets

A new PC arrived today, so I am wrestling with that.  I won’t bore you with the details!

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No Syria trip for me

It seems that I will not be going to Syria.  I hurt myself a week ago, quite by accident, and have been something of a temporary cripple since.  While it’s healing, it isn’t healing fast enough.  I’m not fit to go. 

I am a bit sad about this — I booked at Christmas time and I’ve wanted to go for years.  But it just isn’t sensible to put that much strain on things.  In fact trying to get fit against the clock is a mug’s game anyway.

The tour I booked was Restoration Story with Voyages Jules Verne:

Viewing Palmyra, Crac des Chevaliers, Baalbeck and Byblos, staying in 5-star hotels.

(I’m nothing for staying in a toilet when I’m on holiday, so that tour looked pretty good).

In order to ease the process of claiming, I bought the over-priced insurance from them.  I’ve never had to claim on holiday insurance before; so I was a bit bemused when I rang them this evening to find that they said “YOU have to call the insurance company and sort things out.”  The “insurance company”, of course, turns out to be someone else.   I’d bought from them because I thought it would make claiming easier.  Evidently not! 

Off to the doctor tomorrow to get my claim form stamped.  Joy!

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Preparations for Syria and Lebanon

Today I started to get ready for my trip to Syria and Lebanon, upcoming this week. 

There’s no way I want to be out of contact.  Getting my mobile phone to work is more of a challenge than it should be, because of the greed of the mobile operators.  Being told it will cost $1.50 a minute to receive calls is absurd.  I toyed with the idea of buying a local SIM card, but on a package tour you’re not as free to wander as you might be.  Instead I bought a “global SIM card” from GeoSIM.  This should reach me early next week, in time for me to go.  It allows me to receive calls for free in Syria (although not in Lebanon, annoyingly — I only just found that out), and reduces the extraordinary charges of my normal provider to $1 a minute to call home.

I’ve only bought a small amount of credit, until I know whether the thing will actually work as claimed.  There’s a scam about holiday SIM’s which I got caught by when I last went to Libya.  You go into some shop and purchase a SIM at home specially for use abroad.  Your own provider has no coverage, so you buy theirs.  You load it up with credit, and then find it won’t work where you wanted it to.  When you return and complain and ask for your money back, they smilingly deny saying that it would work, and tell you to use the credit instead at home — far more expensively than your normal deal.  I got swindled like that by T-Mobile when I went to Libya, and I have always regretted not hitting them with a court summons.

My hip is getting better every day, but I’ll take a retractable aluminium walking stick in hold luggage, just in case.  Likewise a hot water bottle; every hotel will have a kettle in the room, and it’s a simple way to apply heat to the hip if need be.

I went into town and bought some guidebooks today.  Also some new shirts; they’re very cheap and flat-packed is the easiest way to transport them!  Also some sun-block, and various pills and potions including anti-diarrhoea tablets and rehydration salts.  I always get hit by a change of water, so best to be prepared.  I’ve also ordered a few books to read while I am out there from Amazon.   Finally I’ve bought several packets of unsalted mixed nuts and raisins.  You can stick some of them in a plastic bag with a tie  and have them in your pocket.  When your energy flags, miles from anywhere, they can be a blessing!

All this can go in the hold luggage, and be there and available in the evenings when I get there.  When I stay away from home here, I tend to carry a car-full of stuff with me.  Pity I can’t do the same overseas!

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