Roger Pearse

I’ve spent some time this morning on CIMRM 829.  This is the supposed Mithraeum in Colchester, not from from the temple of Claudius.  It’s not actually that far away from me, so I had thoughts of going to see it when I was better.  On a raw, frosty morning like today, of course, such a trip is not to be thought of!

There doesn’t seem to be any actual hard evidence associating it with Mithras at all.  The association seems to be the product of one man’s imagination.

The Mithraeum at Sidon is lost.  Indeed it was never discovered.  Our knowledge of it rests on two things; a small collection of exquisite statuettes in Parian marble, now in the Louvre; and a letter by their finder, a certain Edmond Durighello.

Durighello’s letter was published in the obscure journal, le Bosphorus egyptien.  A year later, in 1888, it was reprinted by Solomon Reinach in the revue archeologique.  It is here.  My transcription and translation are here.

Let us look at what Durighello says:

The “Egyptian Bosphorus” August 19, 1887, published the following article, which had the honour to be reprinted in the official diary of Madrid news. So beautiful a specimen of fanciful archaeology should not be allowed to fall into oblivion.  Three lines of this article are certainly truthful, although they refer to facts already old; we reproduce the rest without guarantee, in the hope that it may prove to be true.

The cult of Mithras is of Persian origin. Mithras is the god Ormuzd of the Persians.  His cultus, which followed the victorious armies of the Persian kings, was established in the conquered countries and was somewhat transformed there, borrowing from the native cults some of their character. Until now, no temple of Mithras has been found intact, as the rage of Constantine broke like a devastating hurricane over every monument of idolatry. The temple of Sidon alone escaped destruction.

It is several meters underground, completely buried in the rubble. If it was said to someone in passing, while walking on the ground under which the temple lies, that under our feet there are beautiful rooms filled with archaeological treasures, he would be legitimately  astonished, because nothing on the surface reveals the existence of these mysterious vaults. I was able to visit this sanctuary, and here is the description.

It seems that the followers of the cult of Mithras in the city of Sidon, on the publication of the first edict of Constantine, were eager to wall up the door of their secret temple. Perhaps they were victims of the politics which caused Constantine to take action against the idolaters. The fact is that the temple remained hidden and unknown until my subterranean researchs in the rubble in Phoenicia led me to its mysterious entrance. The wooden door was destroyed by moisture; it gave onto a long corridor encumbered by earth which had partly filled it. To the height of a man on both sides of the corridor, in fourteen niches, are placed marble statues of 1m, 10 in size, representing the priests, or rather warriors of all ages, armed at all points with a the military appearance.

At the end of this corridor is a large circular room, whose dome is supported by twenty-four columns forming twelve corners. Each of these corners contains a kind of altar; at the foot of these altars, marble beds of bizarre forms still retain traces of the mysteries that were performed here. On these twelve altars are large marble bas-reliefs on which are carved the signs of the zodiac, and in the free space may be seen, painted on the wall, some extraordinary figures it is impossible to describe here, because of their obscenity; some candelabras or torch-holders, of marble and bronze, true masterpieces of execution, are placed on pedestals of excellent work. This room is paved with mosaics of colored glass inlaid with gold; in the middle is a huge marble bull whose horns are plated with gold; before this bull is a narrow opening leading by a stairway of twelve steps to seven rooms underground, carved into the living rock and giving onto one another by iron gates, all rusty, detached from their hinges, littering the thresholds; the size of these rooms decreases more and more until, with the seventh and last, there is only a space in which twenty people may be  cramped; the walls of these rooms are decorated behind many marble altars, bearing groups of statues arranged into scenes which are remarkable for the varieties of figures as for the whole. On all these altars, the oriental Venus dominates, and the characters that compose the scene wear the heads of different animals. White marble, ivory, bronze, silver, and especially gold, are used in abundance. I have sent from all these treasures only a dozen statues that are now with M. de Clercq in Paris.

When the Turkish government decides to honour its commitments to me, scientists will have the pleasure to study and admire this superb temple.

Edmond Durighello.

In other words, “Give me money and I will show you where it is.  You’ve got no chance of finding it without me.”

It is not difficult to see why Reinach was dubious.  So little of this corresponds to anything found in any Mithraeum.

And yet … there is this:

And there is a collection of rather less than a dozen lovely statuettes.

It would be interesting to know whether there really was a Mithraeum at Sidon!

I have just stumbled upon a couple of very nice photographs of some very, very nice sculptures in the Louvre.  Here’s one:

The image is on Picasa, here.  Blessedly the photographer, Julianna Lees, has also photographed the notice boards that went with the images, and written a note:

Louvre, New Galleries, The Roman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean – sculptures from the Mithraeum at Sidon, Lebanon, marble, 389 AD.  Mithras, sacrificing the bull, is surrounded by the figures of his cult, Cautes and Cautopates with  their torches, the double axe of thunder, etc.  The winged figure with a lion’s  head represents Kronos.  The Mithraeum was discovered in 1887 by Edmond  Durighello, an eccentric antique dealer who did not reveal its exact  whereabouts.

Now that certainly piqued my interest!  Very late but very nice sculptures of items that we normally see only in low-relief, often in grotty photos.  And … “a lost Mithraeum”?

Sidon is in Lebanon, which was part of French Syria during the first half of the 20th century — the happiest days that part of the world knew for 2,000 years, I’m sure — and naturally finds from there ended up in France.

Vermaseren discusses the Sidon Mithraeum in the CIMRM, I see, entries 74 onwards.  And … in his time, these weren’t even in the Louvre:

About the Mithraeum at Sidon (Saida), the article of the journalist Durighello, which has been published again by Reinach, does not give satisfactory explanation. Part of his statements, especially those about the finds, is based on the truth; according to de Ridder, however, one has “demesurement grossi l’importance d’une decouverte reelle”. Beside the statues, niches are mentioned, in which they shall have been placed, and a tesselated floor. According to the seleucid era the Mithraeum must have existed in the second century, assuming, however, the autonomic era of the city itself, the sanctuary existed in the fourth one. The last dating has been proposed by E. Will in Syria XXVII, 1950, 261ff, especially the name of one of the dedicators Fl. Gerontios points into this direction. The collection of sculptures (coll. Peretie) was bought by de Clercq in Paris in 1882 and is now deposited with Comte Louis de Boisgelin, 5 Rue Masseran, Paris (VII), To his kindness we-owe that we have been in the opportunity to study the documents.

Hmm.  How very exciting!

I shall work on all these, and try to add as much as I can to the Mithras site.  There must be other photos of so nice a set of items!